Therefore, comparing metabolic changes in portal vein, central vein, liver tissue and stool samples between patients with HCC and healthy subjects may be helpful for in-depth understanding on the gut-liver axis, evaluating potential aetiology and novel therapeutic targets for HCC patients. 9 However, because of the poor accessibility of portal vein blood, most metabolomics studies are limited by the use of peripheral blood that may not reflect changes in the portal venous blood and the liver. The milieu of the portal vein system may play an important role in HCC development.Īccumulating evidence suggests that metabolites are important for HCC formation. Because of the structural link to the intestine, the liver is the first organ to receive gut-derived metabolites and serves a critical function between foreign substances and the systemic milieu. Liver has a unique vascular system (portal vein) to receive metabolites from the gut and deliver it directly to the liver. 8 These studies supported the important role of metabolites in the development and progression of liver diseases. 7 In addition, propionate, a metabolite from gut microbiota, inhibits cancer cell proliferation in the liver. A gut bacterial metabolite deoxycholic acid (DCA) causes DNA damage and activate tumour-promoting factors in the liver while blocking DCA production prevents HCC development in an obese mice model. 6 Intestinal dysbiosis affects the development of HCC in part through microbial metabolites. 5 A recent study using metabolomics in peripheral blood plasma samples discovered that N, N, N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid could induce fatty liver disease through increased lipolysis and decreased fatty acid oxidation. Metabolomics is a promising approach for the identification of metabolites which may provide insights into aetiology, treatment and early diagnosis of diseases. ![]() ![]() 3 4 Therefore, there is an urgent need to further understand the possible aetiological factors and new therapeutic methods to improve the prognosis of HCC patients. 2 Moreover, due to the lack of early diagnostic marker, most patients with HCC are often diagnosed in an advanced stage with poor prognosis. 1 Although surgical treatment may be effective in HCC patients, the 5-year survival rate is only 50%–70%. For the most current information, including updates on a particular spare part, please contact GEHC.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third-leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
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